Weaponizing Space :: Politics, National Space

1. There is an ongoing debate on the issue of weaponizing space in order to protect our national space assets and achieve national strategic objectives. This is an issue because of the increase of more space faring nations trying to exploit the benefits of space and other nations also trying to develop capabilities to disrupt other from using it. This background paper will outline the current international laws and policies, our national policies in regard to space, current issues that catalyzed this debate, the benefits and disadvantage of weaponizing space. 2. Space is also governed by rules and laws much like we do on land and sea. â€Å"Treaty on Principles Governming the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies,† or commonly referred to as the Outer Space Treaty was signed in 1966 by many nations, including the Unites States, and is the basis for most international space laws and policies. Some key points to take away from this treaty in relation to the space weapons debate are the following: â€Å"(1) outer space is open to all nations to explore and use; (2) nations cannot own any portion of outer space; (3) outer space will be used for peaceful purposes; (4) nations cannot place, put in orbit, or station any weapons of mass destruction in any form in outer space.† (UNOOSA) These principles and laws are also mostly reflected in our nation’s space policy, and our national security space strategy. 3. Our National Space Policy (NSP) is derived from the President’s vision and directives. NSP incorporates the terms outlined in the Outer Space Treaty, as well as two caveats: (1) to deter, defend our nation’s space assets, and â€Å"if deterrence fails, defeat efforts to attack them [enemy Capt Cho/SOS/Flight C-33/3-6060/DBC/06 May 2011 threats]† (NSP, 3); (2) â€Å"to work with international partners to continue to promote peaceful use of space.† (NSP,4). Also, NSP shapes the National Security Space Strategy (NSSS), which the Department of Defense uses to direct the way the military develop and utilize space capabilities. 4. NSSS states a few current trends in space as being â€Å"congested and contested† (NSSS, 8), which is shaping our space strategic environment as well as fueling debates for space weapons. â€Å"Congested† trend refers to the current â€Å"60 nations and government consortia that own and operate satellites and the expectation to have 9000 satellite communication transponders in orbit by 2015.

Thorn Queen Chapter Twenty-Two

I woke up with a headache even worse than the one I'd gotten shooting tequila on the night of Luisa's birth. Pain thudded to a steady drumbeat in my head, though at the same time, my senses felt foggy as a boring plaster ceiling slowly came into focus above me. Nausea welled up in my stomach, and I worried I was going to get sick. It had happened the last time I'd come crashing through the worlds. And speaking of the worlds†¦where was I? Easy enough to figure out, my groggy brain quickly realized. I'd been pulled out from the Otherworld, which meant I could either have been sent to the Underworld or the human world. The fact that I was still alive indicated I'd gone onto the latter. Why on earth would Abigail summon me to-fuck. There it was: the nausea again. I bit my lip and tried to sit up, not wanting to choke on my own vomit. Only, when I tried to rise, I didn't get very far. My hands were stretched above my head, tied to the headboard of the bed I lay on. No, not tied-cuffed. Cuffed with heavy steel, industrial-strength handcuffs. Bound or no, I did manage some semblance of sitting, just as my stomach betrayed me. A bowl got shoved under my face right at that moment, and I was grateful to spare the bedding and my clothes. I threw up twice before my benefactor gently asked, â€Å"Any more?† â€Å"I don't think so.† I squinted up and found myself looking into the face of a young girl, heavily freckled and brown-haired, with a nose a bit too small for the rest of her facial features. She was still cute enough, though, and-she was a gentry. For a moment, I wondered if I'd gotten confused about the banishment. Was I still in the Otherworld? No. This was definitely the human world. I could sense it. There was a way that magic hung in the air-or, rather, didn't hang in the air around here. The girl took the bowl away and returned with a damp cloth. She wiped my face with it and then my mouth. A moment later, she returned with a glass of water, which I drank gratefully. All of her movements were gentle and graceful. â€Å"What's your name?† I asked. â€Å"Cariena.† â€Å"That's really pretty. Where am I, Cariena?† I asked, tugging at the handcuffs. Those things weren't going to budge. The girl sat down on a chair in the corner. â€Å"In the world of the humans.† â€Å"I know that.† I tried hard not to let my tone get harsh. My leather from the fight was gone; I wore a T-shirt and underwear. â€Å"But where? What is this place?† She glanced around, as though the room might offer some secret insight. The walls were painted pale gray and matched the bedspread, a pattern of purple and grayish blue flowers. There was a small dresser in the corner, along with her chair, as well as the narrow twin bed I lay in. There wasn't a lot of space here-and no windows at all. â€Å"The Red Snake Man's house.† â€Å"The Red Snake-son of a bitch. Art.† My mind was still fuzzy, and I had a hard time grasping all the details of what had happened. I remembered bits and pieces of the fight. I remembered chasing the soldier and then Abigail banishing me†¦ But it was all still disjointed, and I had no recollection of how I'd gotten here. It was possible that was simply from the trauma of tearing through the worlds. Someone could have smacked me upside the head too, but the pain throbbing in my skull wasn't that type. As I'd noted earlier, it was more like the hangover type. Only worse. â€Å"Where is he now?† I asked. Cariena shook her head. â€Å"I don't know. He doesn't explain his activities to us.† â€Å"Us? Are there†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Again, my addled brain tried to remember what I already knew. Why couldn't I line up my thoughts? It was like I had both the buzz and the hangover from drinking, all wrapped up into one. Us. Art. Red Snake Man. â€Å"Are there†¦others like you here? Other girls?† She nodded. â€Å"How many?† â€Å"Five-no, four. They took Fara yesterday. Isanna's next.† â€Å"They who?† â€Å"One of the men. They come sometimes. They look at us. Sometimes they just†¦Ã¢â‚¬  She looked away, unwilling to meet my eyes. â€Å"Sometimes they just†¦visit. But sometimes they make a deal with the Red Snake Man to take one of us.† â€Å"Art,† I murmured. â€Å"His name is Art. Red Snake Man seems to give him some semblance of respect.† I started to rub my eyes and then realized I couldn't with the cuffs. â€Å"Are the other girls chained up too?† â€Å"Only the ones who resist.† â€Å"Well, yeah, I guess that would include me. I take it you're not one?† â€Å"Not anymore.† â€Å"Why don't you leave? You must have some magic†¦even a little.† Cariena held up her hands. She didn't have handcuffs like me, but snug iron bracelets hugged each wrist, each with a tiny lock. The skin was red and swollen where the iron touched. â€Å"Jesus†¦so you're blocked from your magic. But, I mean, can't you just walk out the door?† â€Å"There's iron†¦iron everywhere. The windows, the doors. They're all bound with iron and spells. And locks. Besides†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Her blue eyes widened slightly. â€Å"I don't know where I would go†¦not in this world†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Home,† I said fiercely. â€Å"You'll go home. I'll take you there.† She shook her head, face sad. â€Å"There's no escape from here. Not even for you.† I eyed her curiously. â€Å"Do you know who I am?† â€Å"You are the Thorn Queen. Storm King's daughter. You are my sovereign.† She gave a deferential nod of respect. â€Å"And I know you are a great warrior and magic user. But if the Red Snake Man caught even you, then there's no hope for any of us. Moria tried to escape, and she died out there.† â€Å"Moria did escape. She didn't die, and-† I stopped. Why was my brain such mush? Why was I thinking so slowly? A great warrior and magic user. I didn't need my hands to get out of here. I had my magic. The iron and steel that stunted Cariena's magic had hardly any effect on me, and I would have had enough time by now to rebuild my stores of power. I reached into myself and then to the world around, seeking water and air, though not certain what I'd do with them. Blow the headboard apart? Oxidize the handcuffs? The decision turned out not to matter. Nothing happened. I felt nothing. I felt†¦well, human. I felt as I had for years, long before I'd had any clue I could touch any sort of Otherworldly magic. I was cut off. My mind touched only empty space. â€Å"What's wrong with me?† I asked, true panic starting to unravel in me. â€Å"My magic's gone. The steel shouldn't affect me†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"It's not the steel,† a voice suddenly said. â€Å"It's the nightshade. And I think you're overdue.† Art strolled into the room, looking as dashing as ever with his tanned skin and movie-star smile. I had nothing but contempt for him and instinctually tried to break the cuffs. Nightshade†¦nightshade. Where had I heard that before? Rurik, I realized. He'd advised something called a tincture of nightshade to completely cut off Jasmine from her magic. Was that what I'd been given? He'd said it was the most effective†¦but that it made those with human blood feel dazed and sick. All of a sudden, I knew this fuzzy hangover feeling didn't have anything to do with me being banished. There was no real purpose in discussing nightshade with Art, so I got right to the point. â€Å"I'm going to kill you.† Art laughed that hearty, deep laugh I'd once found endearing. â€Å"Forgive me if I'm not scared.† He turned to Cariena. â€Å"Go get some more nightshade for Eugenie. And make sure Isanna is dressed and ready to go when Abigail returns.† Cariena was practically out of the room before he finished speaking. â€Å"I can't believe it,† I said. â€Å"It's really true. When I first started putting together this fairy sex-trade theory, I thought it was as crazy as Roland thought it was. But it's really true. Where's this Isanna going? Is Abigail taking her to her new owner?† He leaned back and crossed his legs. â€Å"I suppose you could say that. I like to think of it as her new loving home. The man who bought her is very eager to welcome her.† â€Å"You're a fucking bastard,† I growled. â€Å"Selling them like they're property.† â€Å"Might as well be. And if it makes you feel better, I don't sell all of them. Cariena there†¦hmm, well, she's not pretty enough to get a good price. Easier to keep her around for house calls.† â€Å"House calls.† I started to feel sick again, and it had nothing to do with the nightshade. â€Å"Basically, you're whoring her out. You sell sex slaves and run a brothel-and yet, all the while, you play hero shaman like you're doing the world a good deed. Roland couldn't say enough nice things about you.† Art straightened up, feet hitting the floor as a flash of anger shone in his eyes. â€Å"I am doing the world a good deed-this world. Those girls? They're nothing. They aren't human. And you†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He shook his head. â€Å"You're one to talk about image. You play hero shaman too, when in reality you're off commanding gentry armies. Does Roland know? Does he know what you really are? I'm sure he has to know you're a half-breed mongrel, but does he really know the extent of it?† White-hot rage burned within the drug-induced haze of my mind. â€Å"I think you forgot the part where I'm going to kill you.† â€Å"And you forgot the part where I said I'm not worried.† Cariena returned holding a coffee mug. I eyed it warily. â€Å"What are you going to do with me?† I demanded. â€Å"You would have killed me already if you could, yet you probably aren't going to let me go now that I know your dirty secret. Are you going to sell me off too? Keep me for yourself since you don't like gentry?† Art shook his head and approached my bed. â€Å"Eugenie, you couldn't pay me enough to keep you around. I'd take one of these idiot girls any day. Turn on the microwave, and they're so scared that they'll stay docile for weeks.† He gestured Cariena to his side and reached down to hold my head in place. I realized what he was going to do and began thrashing. With one hand he tried to keep me still, and with the other he partially held my mouth open. â€Å"Do it,† he said. Obediently, Cariena poured the liquid from the mug into my half-open mouth. As she did, she mouthed, I'm sorry. The stuff tasted horrible, and I gagged on it. I tried to spit it out, but Art promptly covered my mouth until I had to swallow. That bitterness flowed down my throat, and I could feel a new wave of numbness start to sweep over me. â€Å"Yes,† said Art, almost cheerfully. â€Å"You're trouble. I don't want you. I don't know any human who would. But fortunately, we got an offer from someone who isn't.† I think he was smiling that stupid smile again, but I could never say for sure. The force of the nightshade flooded through me, pulling me into fuzziness, then darkness, and then sleep. I immediately noticed two things when I came to later. One was that Art was still in the room, though I think he'd just returned and hadn't been watching me sleep. The other thing I noticed was that I was uncuffed. I didn't waste any time. I promptly leapt out of the bed and charged him. Unfortunately, I didn't really make it off the bed so well. The nightshade was chugging along in my system, and my limbs barely had the energy to stay upright. I fell off the bed and collapsed into an ungraceful pile on the floor. Cariena was there too, holding a bundle of clothing, and started to come help me. Art shook his head, and she froze. â€Å"Looks like you won't be killing me today,† he said. â€Å"You fucking bastard,† I said, tossing one arm on the bed and attempting to pull myself up. â€Å"How long was I out?† â€Å"Oh, an hour or so. That's usually the worst part of it for humans. Now that you're bright-eyed and bushy-tailed, Cariena's going to help you look respectable.† I glared at him. I didn't know who'd stripped me down to this T-shirt and underwear, but if it had been him, he'd die extra slow. The scathing look he gave me suggested, however, that he found as little pleasure in me as I did in him. â€Å"You can't keep me here,† I warned, managing at last to sit back on the bed. â€Å"Someone's going to come looking for me.† â€Å"Who?† he asked. â€Å"You were the idiot who wandered off from your people. None of them saw you taken. None of them saw me or any of my companions-well, except for your two meager guards, and they won't say anything to anyone ever again.† With a sinking feeling, I knew he was right. Nobody knew what had happened to me. I'd mentioned the Yellow River theory off and on to a few of my friends, but none of them had any reason to suspect that was connected to my post-battle disappearance. If anything, they'd probably think there'd been another demon on the loose. â€Å"Who the hell were your companions anyway?† I demanded, recalling the trained fighters. â€Å"Did you hire a mercenary army or something?† Art only smiled. â€Å"Cariena, get her dressed.† To me, he said, â€Å"Cooperate, or she'll be the one who suffers for your disobedience.† He left, shutting the door behind him. I heard the snick of a lock. Across the room, Cariena watched me with big, terrified eyes. She feared both me and Art. I sighed. â€Å"It's okay. I'll get dressed. I don't want to run around in my underwear anyway.† Visibly relieved, she stepped forward and unfurled what she held: a dress. A gentry-style dress. â€Å"You have got to be kidding me,† I said. â€Å"Isn't there something else?† Cariena cringed. â€Å"It's all he gave me.† I eyed the bedspread, almost wondering if I could go all Scarlett O'Hara and make something for myself. Then, seeing Cariena's pale face, I yielded again. I wouldn't let Art beat her or give her to some guy because of me. I took the dress from her but discovered I couldn't put it on without help, not with my weak muscles and groggy motor control. Being in that state infuriated me. I hated being helpless. More upsetting still was that I was essentially free, unbound and able to move about†¦but I had no means to fight or defend myself. I could barely even stand. I was a prisoner in my own body. The dress was a mix of lavender and pale blue. I guess you'd call it periwinkle, which I'd always thought was a dorky name. It was made of smooth, clingy velvet that hugged my body and laced up the back corset-style. The sleeves were long and form-fitting, and the scoop neckline was much lower than my usual style. I'd only wear something that showed that much cleavage if I was going on a date with Kiyo-or trying to coax a favor from Dorian. Kiyo and Dorian. It sounded pathetic and all damsel-in-distress, but I would have given anything to have them here right now. Cariena clasped her hands and studied me almost adoringly. â€Å"You look beautiful, your majesty. I see now why you have so many suitors back in our world.† Our world. â€Å"Well, I don't think my beauty plays quite as much a role as you think.† She produced a brush and undid the knotted ponytail in my hair. â€Å"I don't know if I want to be beautiful or not. I used to think I did. But since I'm not, no one will take me from here.† She sounded grateful. â€Å"You are beautiful,† I said sharply, angry at what Art had said. â€Å"And someone is going to take you from here-me.† Cariena gave me a small, sad smile, but for the first time, I thought there might be something like hope in her eyes. A knock at the door startled her back into timid mode as she leapt up from where she'd sat beside me. â€Å"Oh! He's here.† â€Å"Who?† I asked. Surely Art wouldn't have knocked. The lock clicked, and the door opened. Leith walked in. â€Å"Leith!† I exclaimed. He looked as I'd seen him before, clad in a red and white silk shirt, dark hair glossy and swept from his face in a ponytail. I wanted to jump up but knew I'd fall to the floor again. â€Å"Thank God.† Someone did know I was here. I wasn't lost forever. I wanted to tell Cariena we were on the verge of freedom, but she was already scurrying out of the room and hastily shutting the door. â€Å"Eugenie,† breathed Leith, striding toward me. He knelt on the ground and caught hold of my hands where I sat. â€Å"You are stunning†¦as beautiful as I remember. No, more so. You can't imagine how I've missed you.† A chill crept along my spine. Something was very, very wrong here. â€Å"Leith†¦we have to get out of here. You have to help me-and these girls. There are horrible things going on here.† â€Å"We can leave,† he said. â€Å"But not quite yet. Not until everything's settled.† I tested his hand to see if I could free mine. I couldn't. â€Å"Until what's settled?† â€Å"Until then,† he continued, as though I hadn't spoken, â€Å"you'll have to stay here where no one can find you. But I promise I'll visit you every day.† â€Å"I can't stay here! I have to get back to†¦anywhere that's not here. Tucson. The Thorn Land. Anywhere! Leith, what the hell is going on? Why are you here?† â€Å"Because you are. Because Art got you for me.† That chill down my spine spread to the rest of my body until I felt cold all over. I tried jerking my hand away again but didn't possess the strength. â€Å"How do you know Art? Oh God. Please tell me you aren't working with him.† He shrugged. â€Å"It's a mutually beneficial relationship. I help him collect girls in our-in the Otherworld.† â€Å"Girls from my kingdom,† I said, the realization coming suddenly. â€Å"That's why none of yours were ever taken.† Leith had the grace to look sheepish. â€Å"I don't take important ones, Eugenie. Just peasants. No one notices they're missing.† â€Å"Their parents do.† â€Å"Look, it doesn't matter. My soldiers help round them up, and I bring them to Art and Abigail to do what it is they do.† My soldiers. The soldiers who always wore red, just like Leith did now. Normally, red shirts made me think of Star Trek extras, but in this case, it was in tribute to the Rowan Land's flag and emblem. The soldiers Jasmine and others had seen weren't Aeson's deserters. They'd been sent by Leith to help Art and Abigail with their abductions. â€Å"They sell them, Leith! How can you stand by and enable that? They sell those girls to horny guys against their will. What can you possibly get out of it to justify having that on your conscience?† â€Å"This.† He gestured around. â€Å"Art and Abigail share things with me†¦their knowledge from this world. I take it back to mine.† I stared in disbelief. â€Å"And then you pass it off as your own. That's why everyone thinks you're such a technological genius. Did you really devise those irrigation plans for me yourself?† â€Å"No,† he admitted. â€Å"I had help. But does it really matter? Look, you don't know what it's like. You're strong. Your magic grows more powerful every day. But me? I'm a joke. I can't inherit. Proving myself with my ‘genius' was the only way to get any respect†¦and even that wouldn't be good enough to let me inherit. Until I met you.† â€Å"Leith-â€Å" â€Å"I know what you said, but my feelings haven't changed. I love you. And I know if you just spend a little more time with me, you'll love me too. We connect. There's something between us. It's more than just about power.† I leaned back. It was the only way I could put distance between us. â€Å"I'm not so sure about that. You think I'm your meal ticket to holding on to the Rowan Land.† â€Å"Not just that land, but all the lands! This world too. Eugenie, when you bear my son, you'll see that I'm right.† There was a zealous glow in his eyes, and I couldn't decide if he was crazy or just really, really believed these things would be true if he said them. Maybe there wasn't a difference. â€Å"I can make you happy-and I know you can make me happy. You're so beautiful†¦.† He moved up to sit beside me on the bed and ran one hand along my velvet-covered leg. â€Å"Leith†¦don't†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"I just need to get you pregnant,† he said earnestly. â€Å"Don't you understand? If I bring you back to our world carrying my child, everything will be solved. Art told me†¦he told me how you stop yourself from conceiving. How you take some potion every day.† His hand moved up to my hip while his other touched my face and stroked my hair. I tried to back away, but his grip was too strong in my addled state. â€Å"He said if you're away from it long enough that you'll be able to have a baby†¦.† I swallowed. My heart was threatening to pound out of my chest. â€Å"No†¦it won't work. You can't get me pregnant-because I already am.† His caresses froze. â€Å"What?† â€Å"You were right before about me being involved with Dorian. Kiyo was a cover. He's not worthy-he's no one I'd want to father my child. Dorian and I have been lovers for a long time now in secret. We were afraid of what his enemies would do if they found out. I've been pregnant for†¦Ã¢â‚¬  What wouldn't show? â€Å"†¦two months. It's too late for you, Leith.† He had gone perfectly still, save for his eyes, which were searching my face thoroughly. â€Å"I don't believe you. You're lying. Everyone knows how you bicker with the Oak King. You aren't lovers.† â€Å"We are. He'll kill you when he finds out.† Leith shook his head and slid his hand from my hip to my stomach. â€Å"There's nothing here. Not yet.† Panic flooded me, and for a moment I couldn't breathe. Every other time I'd come close to being raped flashed through my mind-and there had been far more of those times than I would have liked. And every time, I had escaped the situation. Yet that never made the next time any less terrifying. This was no exception. â€Å"Leith, please don't do this.† His hand moved fumblingly to my breast, and then he pushed me back against the bed. â€Å"It's okay,† he said, speaking as one would to a child. â€Å"It'll be okay. You'll like it. I promise.† â€Å"Don't do this!† His mouth was on my neck, and lovesick boy or no, there was definitely a man's sexual need there. I struggled against him, trying desperately to free myself, but I might as well have truly been a child. With that fucking drug in me, both my body and brain were a mess. My body had none of its ability to fight him or stop him from pushing up my skirt. My brain had no clever ways to talk him out of this. And as he took off his own clothes and laid his body on top of mine, pressing me down, I realized he needed no handcuffs to keep me subdued. The strength of his hands pinning my wrists was more than enough.

Pros and Cons of Immigration - 944 Words

I. Introduction Nowadays, Immigration, which is a phenomenon of migration, is very normal and popular in the world. Furthermore, in the world, many countries have the large number of people who immigrate because of many reasons likes finding suitable jobs or new place to live. Many people think that immigrants will give them many problems about the economy and society. However, other people think that immigrants bring many profits for their countries. In my opinion, I think that all things have both good and bad sides and immigration is no exception. In the other hand, I think that immigrations will give the host countries more economic benefits than limitations. II. Mean of immigrants First of all, I want to explain what the†¦show more content†¦This helps them do not have racism and famous as friendly, happy country and have a high living standard. Moreover, because of Vietnamese immigrants, Pho which is a Vietnamese traditional food very popular in the world and â€Å"Pho† have been put into the Oxford dictionary. Last but not least, immigrations provide for the host country a large amount of employee. That helps many countries especially countries which have aging population such as Japan, Poland or Canada in heavy industry, the labor-intensive sectors and the damage jobs. For examples, in 2010, percentage of people immigrate about 86 percent in Qatar. Moreover, most of them were working in the oil and gas industry. Because Qatar, which is the small country have low population but have the large of oil sources, immigration supply for them the large amount of oil and gas employees and help Qatar develop their oil and gas in dustry. IV. Cons of immigration On the contrary, the immigrations still have bad side which from undocumented immigration. Besides the people are allowed immigrate by this country’s government, some people immigrate illegally by fledging across the border or by the sea. Most of them are people who have low educational attainment and this will make many problems for the host country. Firstly, this is increasing social evils. Because they do not have enough skills to find a job, most of them start to fall into drug addiction and other social ills. This will makeShow MoreRelatedPros and Cons of Immigration Essay730 Words   |  3 PagesPro/Con Illegal Immigration Picture a scenario where crowds of people surround you. You don’t know who they are. Hundreds of people of all cultures, ethnicities, and genders pass by you. To you, they might seem like regular people trying to get from Point A to B. Therefore, you would not assume that they play a significant role in society. However, what if one person that passed by you today was an undocumented citizen in the United States? 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Most illegal immigrants come to America with the best intentions for themselves and/or their families, but many others have alternativeRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Illegal Immigration in the USA1007 Words   |  5 Pages Immigration is an increasingly hot controversy in southern California; there have even been various rallies recently with many supporting a path to citizenship and others arguing that we need to close our boarders and prosecute violators. Immigration is the spotlight not due to money, but because it affects problems like race, the role of government, national identity and change. There are more advantages than disadvantages on supporting illegal immigratio n and supporting an amnestyRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Immigration to the USA Essays2545 Words   |  11 PagesThe Advantages and Disadvantages of Immigration to the USA ‘‘Remember, remember always, that all of us†¦ are descended from immigrants and revolutionist’’ by Franklin D. Roosevelt. The United States is a nation of immigrants and the earliest people were the Native Americans who came from Asia. The rest of the people left Europe, Asia, Africa, the Caribbean, South and Central America, the islands of the Pacific, and the Middle East coming more towards the 18th century. The United StatesRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Illegal Immigration in America Essay718 Words   |  3 PagesMost of the time, I would complain about all the illegal immigration there is in the United States. Researching this topic has pretty much changed my mind on illegal immigration. Although there is much controversy over illegal immigration, it has many positive benefits. We Americans are never happy, always finding something to complain about. The more we complain and take it nowhere, the more time we waste. Illegal immigrants are usually, overall intelligent and hard workers. They bring theirRead MorePros and Cons of Illegal Immigration Essay example1493 Words   |  6 Pageshousing with abusive landlords, have few health cares options, and are victims of fraud and other crimes. The main controversy lies in the passing of a plethera of laws throughout the existence of the US regulating immigration and in the handling of illegal immigration. Modern immigration polocies have recieved less and less publicity as tolerance becomes more widespread, although each person is entitled to their own opinion about the issue (Conover 342). Immigrant problems are related to tradeRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Immigration in Buenos Aires Essay example984 Words   |  4 Pages. Population of the capital and its suburbs is growing rapidly, including through immigration and guest workers from Bolivia , Paraguay , Peru and other neighboring countries. The city is very multicultural, but the main separation occurs along class communities and not on racial lines , as in the U.S. Evidences on the impact of immigration on the labor market Most studies of the economic impact of immigration are motivated by the desire to understand how immigrants affect various dimensionsRead MoreIllegal Immigrants Should NOT be Deported Essay example916 Words   |  4 Pagesis illigally in the united states? Illegal immigration has always been a problem in the U.S dating all the way back to 1875. In 1882 president Chester A. Aurthor was the first president to bann all chinese workers. Soon after, the criminals and the mentally ill were refused from theU.S. Immigration wasnt always a problem before this. In 1892 the first portal oft immigration opened up in Ellis Island, New York. This was the premier station for immigration. Here new arrivals had to show identity and

Comparing Plato s The Republic - 957 Words

What mix of traits creates the perfect ruler? Some may say charisma, personability, or even good looks. Throughout history, a plethora of leaders with different views have been successful for many different kinds of societies. Depending on what the society needs, rulers change their ways as well as do what they can for the good of their people. In Plato’s The Republic, the character Socrates argues with his peers about what makes the perfect society, as well as the perfect leader. According to Plato, the wisest choice for a ruler in a near perfect society is a philosopher, containing multiple important attributes. A wide variety of characteristics are covered, yet Plato seems to focus in on several key foundations. Plato’s views on essential traits of a philosopher focus on the necessity of truth and thirst for knowledge. Perhaps the most important trait of a philosopher is the ability to learn. This trait is important because if it pains a philosopher to learn, they ca n’t be expected to enjoy it or have much success (486 c). The idea of constantly wanting more knowledge is abundant. Plato often states that a yearning for knowledge will come at a young age, and that it won’t be easy (485 d). Searching for knowledge is a lifelong commitment that takes dedication and persistence. He also gives a counter example while talking about the timarchic character as well as the oligarchic society. Due to an imperfect education, the timarchic leader will have inner conflict when itShow MoreRelatedComparing Plato s Republic, The Philosopher And Plato965 Words   |  4 PagesIn Plato s Republic, the philosopher is sitting having a discussion with his fellow peers and friends. During this conversation each character except Plato offers their opening and reasoning on the question, what is justice. For the majority of the book Plato outlines almost every aspect of his ideal city. Within this city Plato has set up many rules in order for the city to remain just. All the way from mating rituals to who should rule, virtually all factors have been thought of and serves a specificRead MoreComparing Plato s Xi Of The Republic1376 Words   |  6 PagesIn Book XI of The Republic, Socrates introduces three metaphors to help us understand his Theory of the Forms, which says that the only way to acquire true knowledge of the Good, we must turn away from the world of the sensible, and turn to the world of the Forms and intellect. These analogies follow Socrates’ argument earlier in Book XI which is that the only way to correctly rule a city is to master the Forms and understand that ultimate form of the Good which only a true philosopher can achieveRead MoreComparing Machiavelli And Plato s The Republic 1612 Words   |  7 Pagesvoices in this debate are those of Niccolo Machiavelli and Plato, separated by hundreds of years in history the two men had differing views on the role of the government’s influence on its people. Machiavelli expresses his idea of the correct form of government in both â€Å"The Prince† and â€Å"The Discourses† in which he preaches that a government must stand strong in order for the people below it to flourish. Meanwhile Plato’s notorious â€Å"The Republic† takes a different stance and pushes the idea that the governmentRead MoreComparing Plato s The Republic Of 380bce And One Of The Key Themes2021 Words   |  9 PagesPlato wrote the Republic in 380BCE and one of the key themes in the book is the theory of justice (C. D. C. Reeve, 2004). In this essay, we will follow the three main views of justice set out by , Glaucon (Ademantus) and Socrates highlighted in Plato’s The Republic. Whilst Thrasymachus explains a very simple and easily understood view of justice, seeing it as the laws created by the rulers of a city, there is no input from anybody else (Lampert, 2010, p260) In my opinion, Glaucon has a much strongerRead MoreKant And Kant s Philosophy On Ethics970 Words   |  4 Pagessame question. A dictionary describes ethics as-moral principles that govern a person s or group s behavior. Is there a universal ethical behavior ? Are all countries ethical ? Theses very same questions many philosophers have tried to figure through time from Socrates to Immanuel kant (and to this very day for the matter!). While comparing two great eathist Plato and Immanuel Kant I, the writer argue that Kant s ideological views on ethics were far superior to Plato’s due to several factors. ForRead MoreComparing Aristotle and Plato Essays1325 Words   |  6 PagesComparing Aristotle and Plato Aristotle argues that in order for a polis to emerge, a union between man and women must convene. Later a household must be introduced which unites with other households to form a village, villages come together to form city-states. This theory is Aristotle’s natural view that an individual can not be self sufficient Plato argues that, in order to achieve absolute justice, a city-state is needed. 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We are educating our children to be master test takers who conform to the no rm and not to think outside the box. My position is supported by Socrates in Plato s The Republic and Aristotle in his Nicomachean Ethics, Book II. Because students waste too much time on testing, education should not beRead MoreMy Views On Education And Education1154 Words   |  5 Pages In this paper, I am going to examine and compare my views on education to the great philosophers Aristotle, Socrates and Plato. Education should not be something forced on people from a very young age. We are educating our children to be master test takers who conform to the norm and not to think outside the box. My position is supported by Socrates in Plato s The Republic and Aristotle in his Nicomachean Ethics, Book II. Because students waste too much time on testing, education should not beRead MoreWhy the Philospher Should Rule (Plato)1708 Words   |  7 Pages1) (From the Republic Book VII) WHY SHOULD THE PHILOSOPHER RULE? 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The Rings of Saturn by W.G. Sebald - 1335 Words

W.G. Sebald’s novel The Rings of Saturn explores the relationship between toleration and persecution through a first person narrative. The novel is preoccupied with loss and the ways we have tried to come to terms with mortality. It is a meditation on the destructive nature of history, the human lives affected, and the restorative power of art. However, his work is not simply a record of these human-induced catastrophes, but also attempts to fashion new representational tools for the purpose of acknowledging and coming to terms with the realities of modern human history. Sebald’s critcism tends to focus on the biographical and psychological backgrounds of the writers he mentions. He draws heavily on the canon of twentieth-century Marxist thought, including works from Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer. His complex thesis draws specifically on their work The Dialectic of Enlightenment. The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement that spread through Europe during the ei ghteenth century, which involved a radical change in the way that philosophers and others understood the role of reason. It valued independent thought and promoted reason to a higher status and for some came to replace faith. Intrinsic in Sebald’s work is the idea that the Enlightenment project was programmed by violent distrusts of the non-identical and a coercive desire to eliminate otherness. Specifically, Sebald draws on Horkheimer and Adorno’s critique of civilization articulated in The Dialectic of theShow MoreRelatedThe Rings of Saturn by W.G. Sebald1115 Words   |  4 Pagesphilosopher spoke of an eternal present in which one could move through time and space and interconnect all things. This sentiment is captured by W.G. Sebald’s travelogue The Rings of Saturn where he uses memory to live in the present, past and future and explores his understanding of the world around him, be that world the reality or simply his mental perception. Sebald takes the r eader on an outward journey of Suffolk, England, but as is quickly understood, the journey goes beyond the external present andRead MoreEssay about The Disputed Reign of Dowager Empress Tz’u-hsi3139 Words   |  13 Pageshistorians. It was these early historians who have established the widely accepted perspective that Tz’u-hsi hungered for power, abused it, and retained it using any means necessary. This understanding is echoed today by authors such as W.G. Sebald, author of The Rings of Saturn. There are many differences between the accounts of the Western perspective and that of Sebald’s, but the overall idea of Tz’u-Hsi as a conniving and unworthy Empress is intact between the two. Still, the investigation is not over

s ‘Patriarchy’ a useful concept anymore Free Essays

My personal way of defining patriarchy is a society typically dominated and control by men. Patriarchy shows us how our society functions and how it controls women, including all systems, like work place, home, religion etc, where women are formed and developed to the way men want them to be. It is the opposite of matriarchy, meaning women are the head and in control of families. We will write a custom essay sample on s ‘Patriarchy’ a useful concept anymore? or any similar topic only for you Order Now This quote given by H, Hartman signifies social patriarchy, so it is not naturally suggested but socially. ‘I define patriarchy as a set of social relations which has a material base and in which there are hierarchical relations between men, and solidarity among them, which enables them to control women. [p3, H Hartman: (1982), ‘What about women? ‘; ‘Gender Inequality in Employment’, 551. 04 leatures 11 and 12. ] The way in which society used to be, was that once the content of ‘patriarchy’ had been established, it was used strongly in every society and in many different ways, creating sexual politics, where men were seen as the dominant sex class and the treatment of women, through this patriarchy system determined their future and success in life. The possibilities for women making choices in every aspect of their own personal life were taken away from them or where very limited because of this patriarchal control that was upon them. In the past the husband was clearly the principal negotiator, with the marriage license being the only exception, where the women would really be going into a life long commitment of serving her husband as a slave. The females main source of learning were things such as learning to spin, sew and weave, and maybe a little reading and writing. The main company that was given to them, were other females, and they lived more or less behind closed doors. The women had a separate section in the house that was located away from the other sections so that communications with males or strangers were barred. While the men when out to work, the women’s role was just seen as to be looking after the house and children, and listen to their husbands. ‘The separation of home from work led to a sharper separation of male and female spheres. The world of business outside the home became a male sphere and the world of home and children became a women’s one. ‘ [p366, Fulcher Scott. (1999) Sociology] The husband’s leisure and business time were of no business to the wife, domesticity cut women off from business life and public activities in general. In some society’s women were degraded, they were seen as objects used for male needs and a simple tool of breeding children. ‘A woman of a particular community, caste or social-economic stratum is raped to ‘teach’ that section of the society, in other words, to reproduce the hierarchical structure. ‘[http:marxists. org/archive/marx/work/1884/orgin-family/ch02d. htm]. It was in the mid-1800 when the first signs of the feminist movement came about. In 1961 it was discussed by a man named John Stuart, that the role of women is society during that time, pointing out how the patriarchy placed such an intense limit on what women could do. A time came out when evidence should the existence of a pre-industrial division of labour between men and women. However this existence contained occupational segregation, where the females worked only in female jobs and males concentrated in male jobs. ‘Middleton (1979) argued that women did carry many different agricultural tasks, but it was the men who did the high status work of plouging. ‘ [p367 Fulcher Scott. (1999) Sociology Family and Household] Job segregation enabled males still to maintain superiority over women, because of the patriarchal relationships in paid work. The labour market urged lower wages for women, so that it would encourage them to marry and stay financial dependant on their husbands. Women were excluded from better jobs than men, to keep their primary responsibilities as the main caregiver for children and family. However in some areas of the pre-industrial society capable women who entered the labour market were forced into part-time and insecure employments, where they would be excluded from promotion. Once they married they had to leave their job, so their personal status would drop back down into the status level as they were when they started off. Also the employment of women alarmed men highly as their position of the male role of head of the household became seen as threatened, especially in the twenty century then demands for labour by women became stronger, and women would no longer be ignored. This was when the ‘family wage’ became known, when the male breadwinner would support his family with his earnings, whilst the women’s earning were treated as a additional source of income so that their unpaid domestic work would not be interfered with their paid work. It was not until the 1980s that these requirements changed, when recruitment practices of certain companies had referred to the Equals Opportunities Commission. The position of men was altered and the women’s position underwent significant changes. More women moved into the labour market and were used less in the homes. With the changing of attitudes towards means of the production, families began to drop away from the ways and ideas of ‘male ownership’ with society and the changing attitudes of women’s role became stronger. Society needed women to work as men could not fill all the vacancies and they needed women to do the jobs that men would not. More opportunities for young children to go to school were given. ‘Private housekeeping is transformed into a social industry. The care and education of the children became a public affair; society looks after all children alike, whether they are legitimate or not’. [p170, Jodi Dean. (1997) Feminism and the New Democracy] Changes in women’s employment have had consequences that we still do not know what will happen in a situation involving children, marriages and other important factors in ones individual life. Countries that have high birth rates now have low birth rates, due to women working. Dramatic changes have also taken place, such as divorce rates rising and single mothers increasing. Organizations themselves are re-thinking employing different work time and working practice; because number of paid work and taking care of unpaid domestic and family work has increased as men have to also help now. Females that were before at home looking after husband’s mother refuse to do this now. The late twenty century patterns was going to work, leaving work on the first child, then gradually coming back to work. These females were married, where as mentioned before that in the early days, that if women worked, they had to leave the employment completely when they got married. Now there are more women in the labour force than men. Women’s economic behaviour is the same as men, but still do different jobs on a lower level. Patriarchy was also found in adopting the name of their husbands after marriage, but more women are choosing to keep their maiden and have a choice of titles e. g. Ms, Miss and Mrs, so that they can retain their own identity. Also another element that changed in society which is widely appreciated now is the fact that women were able to vote which began after the First World War, which was still based on age. However the question still remains that is patriarchy still useful? I would personally argue that yes it is. One has to understand it with other concepts, with the way of how the concept of patriarchy is used. I would personally argue that some concepts of patriarchy has fad away from today society’s, but overall it has not lessened, but is now being used under different forms. One form of patriarchy that can be seen as a useful concept, is entertainment given by women. Women are appreciated on their glamour. In the media women such as the ‘Spice Girls’ are a role model in society because of glamour. Naked women are commonly shown e. g. in the Sun Newspaper, on page three, where as men nudity is more under the covers. This is seen as useful, as it can be forfilling entertainment for men, and women’ role models are being used to put across message, such as Spice Girls putting forward the message of ‘girl power’. It can also still be useful in a relationship as men still oppress women, maybe it is something that males inherent, that men can use to impress women, such as paying when going out, walking the lady home etc. I would say it’s main usefulness still lies within the family, as the family and religion are the source of many of our beliefs. Families and religion can be the most powerful sets of shaping one’s personality and future. This is important as it is given to us from our primary experiences of family life. It is believed that for a family to work it needs to be organized within a set of rules and belief’s. These still mainly come from the main positional power, which is mainly the role of the father. The rules and beliefs are expected to be practiced in order to keep a family together. ‘The key to survival and success for the children in the family system, or the underlying incentives and rewards, is to please the father or, in it’s modern form, please the parents, and obtaining their attention and/or approval. [http://www. 2. warwick. ac. uk/fac/soc/siology/researh. htm] In some religions and cultures it is seen as a useful concept, for example Islam, because some elements are practice to protects women and their dignity. Their rules come from the Holy Qur’an, which Muslims obey by not only because they have to, but also because they believe it has been given to them to help guide them and protect them from the dangers of life, one example, adultery. However some may not see it as useful, as facts have shown that the top politicians and scientists are men. Work hours still have had seen to be problems for women. In Britain inequality is illegal but still is happening in other parts of the country, and men still oppress women. Sometimes society promotes sex- stereotyped roles themselves when it is unnecessary, for example in some cultures there is more of a celebration when a baby boy is born, or when children are a bit older society places them into their sex roles, e. . to praise them we say things like â€Å"that’s pretty for a good girl† or to a boy it is said † you do that like a girl†, or â€Å"boys don’t cry†. We are teaching girls to be feminine, and boys are taught to be masculine, by being tough and insensitive. My conclusion to this essay from reviewing the facts I have gained, is that patriarchy is seen more as useful concept in society today despite the negative elements. I would personally say that women today still depend on certain patriarchal concepts to enable them to gain security within their lives, however this is not true for everyone. During this essay I have covered a range of topics to with patriarchy. In my essay I have concentrated on four aspects, I have defined the term ‘patriarchy’; I have talked about how society was how society has changed, and discussed if patriarchy still is a useful concept. I have produced this with relevant evidence in a form of quotes. How to cite s ‘Patriarchy’ a useful concept anymore?, Papers

Marketing of Nonprofit Organizations †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Marketing of Nonprofit Organisations Management. Answer: Introduction: The aim of the assignment is to study the marketing of organisational groups of various types like non profit making organisation, FMCG companies and baby boomers. The first section delves into a non profit organisation and its marketing activities. The paper takes the WWF as an example to study the marketing of non profit organisation. This is followed by a study of relationship creating by Billabong. The second section delves into new product launches by Nestle and their success factors. The successive section studies and compares three FMCG companies namely PG, Unilever and Nestle. The final section studies the opportunities of international marketing and the professions suiting baby boomers of North America. The Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF) headquartered in Switzerland is a non-profit making organisation that implements marketing management concepts. The WWF partners with several international corporate organisations as well as individuals all over the world. The WWF exchanges gifts and several other benefits with the business organisations and the individuals. The business organisations give donations to the Worldwide Fund for Nature and obtain benefits like corporate social responsibility (CSR) enhancement in exchange. Corporate social responsibilities ensure that the companies conduct business in more sustainable ways and minimise the waste disposal and fuel consumption. This leads to conservation of natural resources and reduction of pollution which encourages social wellbeing. The WWF provides the corporate organisations in return with technical support to source raw materials like paper from sustainable sources. Thus the organisations can attend sustainability which boosts their corporate image. The individuals provide the WWF with donations and get items like recyclable bags and bottles in exchange(www.worldwildlife.org, 2017). The WWF applies marketing concept and collaborate with both the body corporate and individuals. This can be told from the fact that the WWF engages with corporate organisations to license its logos, promote the causes, gain sponsorships and gifts for their employees(Van Wijk et al, 2015). Billabong is an Australian adventure sports accessories making company offering the consumers information on skating industries. It is an Australian company making skateboards, skating costumes and other adventure sports accessories for men and women. The company provides very little information about its products on its official website. It does not help Billabong to build relationships with the target customers. This is because lack of information about the products inhibits the customers from having complete perception about their products which prevents them from making purchase decisions to buy Billabong products(eu.billabong.com, 2017). The latest news of Nestle as on August 19, 2017 contains information about Karen Hasan winning the Nestle and Salzburg Festival Young Conductors Award. The award is a part of Nestls social initiative to promote culture which is a part of its corporate social responsibilities. A review of the article shows that the multinational food manufacturer and marketer is concerned about promoting social welfare and encourages cultural development among its consumer groups(nestle.com.au, 2017). The new product launch by Nestle consists of KitKat bar of chocolate in a new packaging which has a fresh look. The product is available in two new variants, Kit Kat Travel Break Sharing pack and KitKat mini chunky snacking bag. The company has also released Nestle Swiss, which is a chocolate dessert made with dark chocolate. The product is available in variants like chocolate hazelnuts available in 300 gram packs. The other two available variants are almond and honey as well as almond and nougatine(Zhao, Cavusgil Cavusgil, 2014). The target segment customers aimed by KitKat products would be people who love chocolate items. The Swiss dark chocolate is a premium product and would costly. The target market for Swiss would be the rich upper class people who enjoy premium bars of chocolate from multinational diary companies. The KitKat travel bags are lifestyle products target the people to travel to places. Similarly, the KitKat snacking packs target customers who enjoy having chocolate for snacks(Kitkat., 2017). The new product launches by Nestle would be successful in all its major markets around the world and would contribute to deeper market competitiveness. Nestle would be successful in gaining higher position in the market because the accurate positioning of its products in the market and appropriate segmentation. Nestle products aim the consumer segments who prefer using superior dairy products and can afford to buy them. The customer segments Nestle targets are health conscious and are ready to spend on high quality food items(Kotabe Kothari, 2016). Nestle positions itself as the worlds largest manufacturer and marketer of high quality food products which are consumed by people all over the world. Thus the appropriate segmentation, positioning and targeting of the middle and upper class society would lead to the success of the new products by Nestle in the market(Liu et al., 2014). A company interested in estimating income distribution in the Northern Territory of Australia can proceed in two ways, the qualitative and quantitative way. It can conduct interview of a large number of people and then analyse the responses gained statistically. This would help him to gain quantitative information about the income of the people in Northern Territory in Australia. The person can consult the official website of the Statistical Bureau of Australia to gain information on income of the people which would provide him with qualitative data(Abs.gov.au., 2017). Unilever, Procter Gamble and Nestle are among the top FMCG companies in the world whose official websites give detailed information about their products. There are evidences in their websites that these companies segment their markets according to the products they offer and the product prices. For example, Lux soap manufactured by Unilever targets the middle and the lower income segment of the society and is low priced. Dove and Lux International are costlier than Lux and target the middle and the upper middle income group(Darmani et al, 2016). The products of Nestle are high priced which indicate their high quality. The target customer segment of Nestle products are middle and upper class income people. It is evident that the multinational FMCG giants like Nestle, PG and Unilever segment their markets on the basis of various factors like customer income, lifestyle, agewise and so on(Santos, Pache Birkholz, 2015). The three multinational giants Unilever, Procter Gamble(PG) and Nestle can be arranged in the order with Unilever on the top followed by Nestle and Procter Gamble. Unilever manufactures both food and non food products unlike PG and Nestle. The company manufactures products which can meet the requirements of more number of customers compared to the other two multinational companies. For example, Axe is the mens grooming product owned b y Unilever(Kothari, Kotabe Murphy, 2013). It is available in form of shampoos, soaps, shower gels, hair creams and shaving creams. The shaving cream is low priced and targeted towards especially young customers from lower and middle class. The shower gels and the shampoos are premium products which are targeted at the upper class market segment. Unilever owns two the frozen dessert brand Kwality and Magnum. While Kwality has ice creams of both high and low price ranges, Magnum is the premium ice cream brand owned by Unilever. Kwality has targets both the low and the high income customer segment using prices as a differentiation factor. Magnum unlike Kwality, is the premium brand of ice cream which is targets the rich customer segments(unilever.com, 2017). The toughest competitor of Magnam is Connoisseur by Nestle while PG has no answer to it. Again the company makes Clear shampoo whose toughest competitor is Head Shoulders by PG while Nestle has no answer to it(us.pg.com, 2017). Unilever has products which are not marketed by any of the two competing companies, PG and Nestle. For example, the FMCG company owns the water purifier range under the name Pureit while the other companies do not manufacture any such product. This vast product line consisting of both food and non food consumer products have allowed Unilever segment its market most widely which gives it the top position. Procter Gamble, the largest FMCG company in the world has a product line smaller than Unilever hence loses it to the latter because it cannot segment the market as variedly as Unilever. The company owns the antidandruff brand HS which has both low and high priced variants. However an analysis of the segmentation of the customer base of the company shows that it has succeeded in segmenting its base owing to its product line(Gupta Pirsch, 2014). Nestle has restricted its product line to food products and only most of its products are high priced. The company owns brands like Maggi which is the instant noodles product owned by the company. The company segments its customer base into adults, women and babies. The company manufactures and markets beverage products like Nescafe and Nestea. It is evident from this the company segments its market based on lifestyle , for example, Nescafe is meant for the customer segment who consume coffee or tea as a part of every diet. Its milk products are among the sought after milk products in the market and are extremely high priced. Here the target customer segment is the upper and the middle class who consume high quality milk products and are ready to spend to buy such products(Kardes, 2016). A comparison between the three companies Unilever, PG and Nestle shows that Unilever is present in both food segments like Nestle and non food segments like PG. It is evident that Unilever gives both the companies tough competition owing to its strong product line. It serves maximum number of customer segments which places it on the top as far as segmentation is concerned. The American multinational FMCG company is able to segment its market into several types by offering a variety of products serving diverse needs like HS anti dandruff shampoo, Old Spice shaving accessories and Febreze range of freshners. Thus it has earned the second position after Unilever. Nestle occupies the third position because its product line restricted to food products and its market segment is mostly restricted to upper class consumers. The following recommendations can be made to the three FMCG giants based on the above discussions: It can be recommended that Unilever should increase its dairy products which will allow it to serve to new customer segments who consume dairy products. This extension of product line will allow Unilever to compete with Nestle in the dairy market segment as well. It can be recommended that Procter Gamble should market food products like dark chocolate bars. This will allow it to cater to new consumer segments who prefer high quality dairy products. It can be recommended that Nestle should venture into manufacturing and marketing consumer products like household items and body care products like soaps to serve new consumer bases in the market. Nestle should lower the prices of its dairy products which will allow it to cater to the lower class consumer segments. Worldwide demographic trends are affecting opportunities for international marketing in a large way. This is because demographic trends like increase in income of the people in the emerging markets and globalisation have led to expansion of international market into the emerging markets. This has the following impacts: The multinational companies have expanded into the emerging markets like Asia and South America which has led to the new marketing opportunities to sell products to the customers in these markets(Auerbach, Buerhaus Staiger, 2014). This marketing of products in the new markets have helped the FMCG companies to earn huge profits which enabled them to strengthen their marketing activities to gain deeper market penetration. The industries which are benefit baby boomers are service industries like tax planners, property developers, healthcare, travel agents and aged care facilities. Conclusion: It can be summarised from the study that marketing is used by both profit making organisations like Unilever and non profit making organisations like the WWF. The companies need to expand their product lines to cater to more diverse market segments. The emergence of new markets in the east has strengthened international marketing and helped it to expand. References: 5206.0 - Australian National Accounts: National Income, Expenditure and Product, Mar 2017. (2017). Abs.gov.au. Retrieved 21 August 2017, from https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/5206.0 Auerbach, D. I., Buerhaus, P. I., Staiger, D. O. (2014). 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